Since the reform and opening up, China's sanitary ceramics industry, as a branch of building materials industry or building sanitary ceramics industry, has made considerable progress and development, and has undergone tremendous changes. Looking at the development of China's sanitary ceramics industry in the past 40 years since the reform and opening up, the following changes and progress have been made in the process technology of gypsum modeling:
1. Ordinary gypsum powder → high-strength gypsum powder, mixed gypsum powder
2. Low water paste ratio → high water paste ratio
3. Simple model → complex model
4. Floor stand model → vertical pouring model
5. Gypsum mortar tire → cement tire, glass fiber reinforced plastic tire, resin tire
It is mainly reflected in the use of high-strength gypsum powder, the use of advanced master mold and the change of gypsum mold manufacturing process. This is due to the adoption of the new process of mechanized combined vertical pouring forming and the new process of primary forming, that is, the progress of forming technology and the development of model manufacturing technology complement each other.
In the past (30 years ago), due to the backward forming process, the sanitary ceramics were formed on the ground. The product variety and structure were simple, and the requirements for model strength and other indicators were not high. At that time, each factory used ordinary gypsum powder that was self fried (purchased gypsum ore, processed and fried after crushing)（βGypsum powder) is used to make gypsum model, with small proportion of water and gypsum, low model strength, and few times of use. The number of times of use of the model is only about 70. The mould type used in model manufacturing is also backward and of poor quality. At that time, the master mold tire was mainly made of cement and gypsum powder. It was used less often, only about 50 times. The poured model had poor internal surface smoothness, large model gap and easy deformation, which determined that the model was used less frequently.
With the development of reform and opening up and the increasing foreign exchanges, the introduction of foreign advanced equipment and technology, especially the adoption of new mechanized combined casting forming process and one-time forming process, has put forward high requirements for the strength of models and other indicators. Each factory no longer cooks gypsum powder, but purchases commercial high-strength gypsum powder and mixed gypsum powder. These gypsum powders are widely used in the sanitary ceramics industry.
The technology of retarding and strengthening agent is also widely used in gypsum model manufacturing. The proportion of water and paste has also been greatly improved, from the previous 1: (1.16 ～ 1.2) to 1: (1.4 ～ 1.5). The strength of the model has been greatly improved, and the service life has been significantly extended, from 70 times to 100 times. The production technology of the master mold tire used in the model manufacturing has also made great progress. Some light resin tire, glass fiber reinforced plastic tire, cement tire, glass fiber reinforced plastic composite tire and other tire types are used. These tire types do not deform and have smooth surfaces. The models made are uniform and have good quality stability. The gap between the joints is very small, and it is not easy to leak slurry. This creates conditions for extending the use of the models, and also lays a foundation for the large-scale promotion of the new process of combined vertical pouring forming.
The adoption of the new forming combined vertical pouring process and the development of the model manufacturing technology have also driven the development of the gypsum industry, resulting in the emergence of high-strength gypsum powder, mixed gypsum powder and some special gypsum powder. On the other hand, the improvement of the model structure and the technological level of the die making process, coupled with the forming machinery and equipment, has made the forming more and more simple. The one-time forming can be realized, and the requirements for the technical level of the operators are not too strict. The labor intensity of the workers has been reduced, and the operating environment has been greatly improved. At the same time, the appearance and physical quality of products and the qualification rate have also been greatly improved. It can be said that the use of high-strength gypsum powder, the improvement of model structure, the realization of a new one-time forming process, the use of mechanized vertical casting line, and the development of gypsum industry complement and promote each other, promoting the development of sanitary ceramics industry and related industries as a whole.
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